It is tempting to believe that World War II buried fascism. It did not. Nor did it vindicate socialism. What it exposed was the collapse of ideology as a mobilizing force. Both the brownshirts and the Bolsheviks had discovered the same hard truth: soldiers no longer found romance in dying for abstract dogmas or charismatic ideologues.
Faced with this existential vacuum, Stalinâââa former Orthodox seminary student turned godless commissarâââreached backwards. Not forward into ideological innovation, but back into the ancient rituals of faith. Not because it worked spectacularlyâââthere was no sudden religious fervor in the Red Armyâââbut because it gave the state a new axis around which to rotate.
While Europe cleansed itself of the Nazi plague, Stalin drafted a hybrid for his post-war imperium: red on the outside, white within.
The General Who Didnât Come Home
In 1946, Stalin floated the idea of repatriating General Anton Denikinâââa former White Army commander and the very emblem of anti-Bolshevism. The same man who lost his war against the Reds.
Why bring him back? Because Stalin wasnât just trying to win battles anymore. He was trying to win history. He envisioned a synthesis: red and white under a new patriarchââânot spiritual, but political. Himself.
It was a bizarre but revealing move: merging imperial nostalgia with Soviet myth-making. A rebranded tsarism, marketed as communism. Stalinism wasnât just an ideologyâââit was a counter-ideological empire, where propaganda did not merely serve doctrine, but became doctrine itself.
Orthodox Bolshevism: The Russian Reich
This conceptual hybridâââa âRussian Reich,â if you willâââused the machinery of Soviet propaganda to install monarchist tropes: Tsar. Empire. Orthodoxy. State. All under the red banner. A strange beast: Orthodox Bolshevism. Nominally national, but essentially anti-national. A state where âRussiaâ was both the conqueror and the subject.
At the heart of this vision lay Stalinâs resurrection of the âThird Romeâ doctrineâââthe idea that Moscow, not Constantinople, would inherit the spiritual mantle of Eastern Christendom. He allegedly planned to convene a new Ecumenical Council to officially declare Moscow the center of world Orthodoxyâââa geopolitical Vatican dressed in red.
By 1948, Stalin had cooled on the idea. But the blueprints remainedâââuntil Vladimir Putin pulled them from the ideological attic in the 2000s.
The Afterlife of Empire
Denikin, to his credit, declined to become a saint in Stalinâs synthetic church. In 1947, he wrote to U.S. President Harry Truman with a strategy to resist the Soviet regime.
But the regime wasnât done with him. In 2005, long after his death, Denikinâs remains were reburied in Moscowâââon Putinâs orders. A symbolic gesture, burying not only a man but planting yet another foundation stone in Russiaâs return to imperial grandeur.
Putin didnât need a revolution. He needed a resurrection.
Stalin didnât celebrate Victory Day. He used it.
To draft a new chapter of imperial mythology. To rewrite the language of power using the ink of Orthodoxy and the grammar of authoritarianism. What he created was not socialism, not tsarism, but a heretical mixture of bothâââone that would later become the default operating system of 21st-century Russian statehood.
And thatâs what weâre still dealing with today.